1. Hopena hopena

Ke hoʻopili ka paʻa me ka wai, e nalowale ke kūmole paʻa mua / kinoea a me nā wai a me ke kinoea a hana ʻia kahi mea paʻa / wai hou. Kapa ʻia kēia hana ke pulu. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka fiber lole kahi mea porous me kahi ākea nui. Ke pālahalaha ka hopena ma ka puluniu, e komo ia i ke āpau ma waena o nā olonā a kipaku i ka lewa, e hoʻohuli i ke ʻano ʻea / kūmole i loko o kahi wai / puluniu. He hana pulu maʻamau ia; ʻoiai e hoʻokomo ka hopena i ka fiber i ka manawa like, ua kapa ʻia kēia hana he penetration. ʻO nā mea heʻe nalu e kōkua i ka pulu ʻana a me ke komo ʻana i kapa ʻia i nā ʻūpē a me nā mea komo wai.

2. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa

Kuhi ʻia ʻo Emulsification i nā wai immiscible ʻelua (e like me ka aila a me ka wai), hana ʻia kekahi o ia mau mea e ka hoʻolei kaulike ʻana i nā mea liʻiliʻi loa (ka nui o ka huna 10-8 ~ 10-5m) i loko o ka wai ʻē aʻe Ke kuleana o ka emulsion. Kapa ʻia nā huna wai ʻaila i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o ka wai i loko o ka emuliona aila-i-ka wai (O / W), a ʻo nā kulu wai i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o nā aila i kapa ʻia he emulsion wai-i-aila (W / O). ʻO nā mea heʻe nalu e hiki ke kōkua i ka emulsification i kapa ʻia he emulsifiers. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea heʻe ma ke ʻano he emulsifiers i ʻelua mau hana: stabilization a me ka pale ʻana.

 

(1) Hoʻoikaika

Loaʻa ka hopena o ka emulsifier i ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻana i ka haunaele interfacial ma waena o nā wai ʻelua e hoʻokūpaʻa i ka ʻōnaehana hui. ʻO kēia no ka mea i ka wā e hoʻopuehu ʻia ai ka aila (a i ʻole ka wai) i loko o nā huna liʻiliʻi i loko o ka wai (a i ʻole ka aila), hoʻonui ʻia ka wahi pili ma waena o lākou, a laila e hoʻonui ʻia ka mana o ka ʻōnaehana a me kahi kūlana paʻa ʻole. Ke hoʻohui ʻia kahi emulsifier, hoʻolaha ʻia ka pūʻulu lipophilic o ka mole emulsifier ma ka ʻili o nā huna wai droplet aila ke hele aku nei ka hui hydrophilic i loko o ka wai, a hoʻopili ʻia ma ka papa o ka droplet aila e hana i kahi kiʻi molomola hydrophilic, kahi hoʻemi i ka hoʻowahāwahā ʻana o ka ʻaila / wai, Ka mea e hoʻēmi ai i ka pae o ka ikehu o ka ʻōnaehana a hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka ʻumeʻa ma waena o nā droplets aila, ka pale ʻana i nā droplets aila mai ka hōʻiliʻili a me ka hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻana i ʻelua papa.

(2) Pale

ʻO ke kiʻi mole moleka i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka surfactant ma ka ʻili o nā droplets aila kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ikaika e hiki ke pale i nā droplets aila mai ka hoʻokuʻi ʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana. Inā he kiʻi ʻoniʻoni hoʻokiwikā ia i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka surfactant ionic, e uku pū ʻia nā droplets aila me ka ʻano like o ka uku, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ka repulsion a pale i nā droplets aila mai ka ʻohi ʻana i ka wā o nā hoʻokuʻi pinepine.

 

3. holoi holoi hopena

Ma muli o ka hopena emulsification o ka surfactant, hiki ke emulsified a hoʻopuehu ʻia nā aila a me nā huna lepo i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka papa wai i ka hopena wai, a ʻaʻole e waiho hou ʻia ma ka ʻili hoʻomaʻemaʻe e hana hou i ka haumia.

ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka hemo ʻana i ka aila wai mai luna mai e wehewehe ʻia ma lalo nei e hōʻike i ke kuleana o nā surfactants. Hoʻolahalaha mua nā lāʻau aila wai ma ka papa paʻa. Ke hoʻohui ʻia nā surfactants, ma muli o ka haahaa o ka ʻilikai, hohola koke ka hopena wai hoʻoheheʻe ma luna o ka papa paʻa a wets i nā mea paʻa, a hoʻololi mālie i nā stains aila. Hoʻolahalaha nā stains aila ma ka papa paʻa a wili liʻiliʻi i loko o nā droplet aila (hoʻonui iki ke kihi hoʻopili, hoʻololi mai ka pulu ʻana i ka wai ʻole.

 

4.suspension hoʻopuehu

ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana i nā mea paʻa ʻole insoluble i loko o kahi hopena me nā huna liʻiliʻi e hana i kahi kau ʻia i kapa ʻia ʻo dispersion. ʻO ka surfactant e hāpai i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā solids a hana i kahi hoʻomaha paʻa i kapa ʻia he dispersant. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke emulsified a hoʻopuehu ʻia ka aila semi-solid i loko o kahi hopena, paʻakikī e hoʻokaʻawale inā emulsification a hoʻopuehu paha kekahi hana, a ʻo ka emulsifier a me ka dispersant ka mea like, no laila hoʻohui pū ʻelua i ka hoʻohana maoli. Emulsifying a me ka hoʻopuehu agena

ʻO ke kumu o ka hana o nā mea hoʻopuehu, he like ia me nā emulsifiers. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ka nui o nā paʻa o nā ʻāpana paʻa i hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻia ma mua o nā droplet emulsified.

 

5. hopena hopena

ʻO ka mokuʻāina i hoʻopuehu ʻia i ka wai i kapa ʻia he huʻa. Inā maʻalahi kahi wai e hana i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a ʻaʻole maʻalahi e haki, e hoʻopuka ka wai i nā huʻa he nui ke hoʻoulu ʻia. Ma hope o ka hana ʻia ʻana o ka hua, hoʻonui nui ʻia ka ʻāpana kinoea / wai o ka ʻōnaehana, e paʻa ʻole ai ka ʻōnaehana, no laila maʻalahi ka hū ʻana o ka hua. Ke hoʻohui ʻia ka surfactant i ka hopena, hoʻolaha ʻia nā mole surfactant ma ka ʻenekini / wai wai, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻoliʻiliʻi wale i ka haunaele ma waena o nā ʻāpana kinoea / wai, akā hana pū kekahi i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni monomolecular me kahi ikaika mechanical e hana i ka hua. paʻakikī e haki.

ʻO nā hāʻina wai Surfactant i loaʻa nā kekelē ʻokoʻa o ka hopena ʻana. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā surfing anionic i nā waiwai hua ʻana, ʻoiai nā surfactants nonionic i ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali o nā kino e hoʻomohala ʻia, keu hoʻi ke hoʻohana ʻia ma luna aʻe o ka ʻohu.

Ma muli o ka hopena o ka hua o ka hua i ka lepo, hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka lōʻihi o ka holoi ʻana, a hiki iā ia ke pale i ka lepo mai ka waiho hou ʻana ma luna o ka mea. No laila, noʻonoʻo mau ka poʻe i nā mea holoi me nā waiwai hua hua maikaʻi i ka decontamination ikaika. No laila, nui nā mea holoi wai e hoʻēmi i ka kaomi o ka pauma jet a ʻaʻole kūpono i ka holoi ʻana. No laila, pono e hoʻohana i nā ʻano non-ionic haʻahaʻa i kēia hihia. Mea heʻe nalu.

 

6. ka hoʻopulapula

ʻO ka solubilization e pili ana i ka hopena o nā surfactants e hoʻonui i ka solubility o nā soluble maikaʻi ʻole a i ʻole hiki ʻole ke hoʻonā ʻia i ka wai. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka solubility o benzene i ka wai he 0,09% (hapa nui o ka nui). Inā hoʻohui ʻia nā surfactants (e like me ka sodium oleate), ka solubility o benzene Hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia i 10%.

ʻAʻole hiki ke kaʻawale ka hopena solubilization mai nā micelles i hana ʻia e nā surfactants i ka wai. ʻO nā micelles he micelles i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā kaulahao hydrocarbon i loko o nā mole surfactant e neʻe kokoke pū ana i ka hopena wai ma muli o ka hydrophobic hui pū. ʻO ka loko o ka micelle he hydrocarbon wai maoli ia, no laila ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā meaola non-polar e like me benzene a me aila mineral i hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai i ka micelle. ʻO ke solubilization ke kaʻina o nā micelles e hoʻonā ana i nā mea lipophilic. He hopena kūikawā ia o nā surfactants. No laila, aia wale nō ke keu o ka surfactant i ka hopena ma luna o ke koʻikoʻi micelle koʻikoʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā micelles nui i ka hopena. Hana wale ʻia ka solubilization ke hiki i ka manawa, a ʻo ka nui o ka nui o ka micelle, ʻo ka nui o ka hiki ke solubilization.

He ʻokoʻa ka solubilization mai ka emulsification. ʻO ka emulsification kahi ʻōnaehana nunui a paʻa ʻole i loaʻa i ka hoʻopuehu ʻia ʻana i kahi wai i loko o ka wai (a i ʻole kahi pae wai), ʻoiai nā hopena solubilization i loko o ka hopena solubilized a me nā mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokahi homogeneous a paʻa paʻa i hoʻokahi. pae. I kekahi manawa ua like ka emactification surfactant ʻelua a me nā hopena solubilization, akā aia wale ke kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka micelle koʻikoʻi hiki ke loaʻa nā hopena solubilization.

 

7. mālie a laumania

Ke hoʻopili ʻia nā mole surfactant ma ka ʻili o ka lole, hiki ke hoʻēmi ʻia ka coefficient static friction o ka lole. E like me linear alkyl polyol polyoxyethylene ether, linear alkyl fatty acid polyoxyethylene ether a me nā nonionic surfactants a me nā ʻano cationic surfactants i ka hopena o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka staic coefficient o ka lole, no laila hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia Hoʻohana ʻia me ka mea hoʻoluʻu lole. ʻAʻole hiki i nā mea heʻenalu me nā alkyl branched a i ʻole nā ​​hui onaona ke hana i kahi hoʻonohonoho kuhikuhi ma ka ʻili o ka lole, no laila ʻaʻole pono lākou no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he palupalu.

 

8. hopena hopena

Maʻalahi ke omo i ka wai kekahi mau anionic surfactants a me nā quaternary ammonium paʻakai cactic surfactants i wai a hana i kahi papa hoʻonā hopena ma ka ʻili o ka lole, no laila he hopena antistatic lākou a hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea antistatic no nā lole puluniu kemika. 9. hopena bactericidal

Loaʻa nā waiwai o ka Quaternary ammonium bactericides i nā hoʻohui ionic. Māmā maʻalahi lākou i ka wai akā ʻaʻole i nā solven polar non-polar, a he mau waiwai kemika paʻa. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hana o kēia ʻano bactericides ma o ka ikaika electrostatic, ka hydrogen bonding force a me ka hydrophobic e paʻa ana ma waena o nā molakeke surfactant a me nā mole protein, a pēlā aku., E hoʻolaha i nā bacteria i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia a hōʻiliʻili iā lākou ma ka paia o ka pā, e hana ana i ka lysis a me ka hana . ʻO ka hopena o ka lumi ke kumu o ka ulu ʻana o nā koʻohune e pāpā ʻia a me ka make. I ka manawa like, hiki i kāna hui hydrophobic alkyl ke hui pū me ka hui hydrophilic o nā bacteria e hoʻololi i ka permeability o ka membrane, a laila hele i ka lysis, luku i ke kūkulu o ke kelepona, a hana i ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka cell a me ka make. ʻO kēia ʻano fungicides he kiʻekiʻe ka hoʻokō ʻana, hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻaʻohe hōʻiliʻili, hoʻoweliweli i ka iʻa, ʻaʻole maʻalahi e nā loli PH, maʻalahi e hoʻohana, he hopena peeling ikaika i ka papa mucus, a he mau waiwai kemika paʻa, hoʻopuehu a pāpā ʻaihue ʻaʻano Ka maikaʻi a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.

Mai ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hopena bactericidal o nā cactic surfactants i ka makahiki 1935, ua hoʻomohala ʻia he 4 a hiki i ka hanauna he 6 ka hanauna amoniauma paʻakai bacterium huahana a hiki i kēia manawa. ʻO ka hanauna mua he alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, a pēlā aku. ʻo ka lua o ka hanauna, ʻo ia ka hanauna mua, i lawe ʻia ma ke apo benzene a i ʻole nitrogen quaternary o ka paʻakai ammonium quaternary Loaʻa i ka hopena hoʻololi: ʻo ke kolu o ka hanauna huahana he dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, e like me didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, a pēlā aku. ʻo ka hā o ka hanauna, he huahana hui pū ia o ka hanauna mua a me ke kolu; Hoʻololi ʻia e like me nā salts amonium quaternary pālua e like me: ethylene bis (dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide), pili lākou i nā gemini a i ʻole nā ​​dimact ʻano dimer.

ʻO ka quaternary ammonium bactericide ʻaʻole wale kahi hopena bactericidal, akā he hopena peeling ikaika i ka slime. Hiki iā ia ke pepehi i ka bacteria-hoʻoliʻiliʻi bacteria e ulu ana ma lalo o ka slime. Loaʻa iā ia kahi hopena kaohi-kaohi a me synergistic ke hoʻohana ʻia me nā ʻākena ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā mea maʻamau ka 1227 (dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride), 1231 (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium bromide, 1427 (ʻumikūmāhā Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride), dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, tetradecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, tetradecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, 1427 (ʻumikūmāhā Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride), dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, tetradecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide,