Wahi a ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike o nā kemika oilfield, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā surfactants oilfield e ka noi i nā surfactants no ke kalai ʻana, nā surfactants no ka mining ʻana, nā surfactants no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā hua, nā surfactants no ka hui ʻana o ka aila a me ke kinoea, a me nā surfactants no ka mālama wai, a pēlā aku.

 

Heʻe nalu no ka ʻeli ʻana

ʻO ka nui o nā surfactants no ke kalai ʻana (me nā ʻeli lāʻau hoʻoheheʻe hoʻoheheʻe a me nā admixtures aila luawai maikaʻi) ʻo ia ka mea nui loa, e helu ana ma kahi o 60% o ka huina surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mālaila. Liʻiliʻi ka nui o nā surfactants no ka hoʻōla o ka aila, akā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kāna ʻenehana. ʻO kāna nui e pili ana i 1/3 o ka nui o nā surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia i nā māla aila. Noho kēia mau ʻano kemika ʻelua i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi i nā surfactants i nā māla aila.

 

I kēia manawa, ua hana ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka ʻeli lāʻau hoʻoheheʻe honua o ka honua i ke kūlana o “ʻekolu kia” ma United States, Russia a me Kina. Ke lawe nei ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i nā pono hana polymer hou like me ka mea noiʻi. Hoʻokumu nui ʻia ʻo Rūsia ma ke kumumanaʻo ʻo "nā kumu kūʻai kumu kūʻai a maʻalahi hoʻi e loaʻa", a me nā ʻōpala ʻoihana like ʻole. Nānā ka noiʻi Kina i ka hoʻohana piha ʻana o nā mea maka kuʻuna a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā polym synthetic hou (me nā monomers).

ʻOi aku ka mea nui o ka noiʻi noiʻi o nā ʻenekini hoʻoheheʻe wai hoʻoheheʻe haole, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā huahana like ʻole e pili ana i nā polym synthetic i loaʻa nā pūʻulu waikawa sulonic, ʻo ia nō hoʻi ke kuhikuhi no ka wā e hiki mai ana.

 

Mai ka makahiki 1990, ua lilo kahi hanauna hou o polymer 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) i mau huahana copolymer multi-copolymer no ka hana ʻeli hou. Ua holomua ka Breaker i loko o nā ʻano o nā mea hoʻoliʻiliʻi viscosity, nā mea hoʻoliʻiliʻi wai hoʻoliʻiliʻi a me nā lubricants. ʻO ia hoʻi i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻolaha ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactants ʻalekika polymeric me ka hopena kiko i nā ʻāpana aila kūloko āpau a me ke kaʻina o ka ʻōnaehana wai hoʻoheheʻe wai polymeric.

Hoʻohui ʻia, ua loaʻa i nā methyl gluconate a me nā wai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia glycerin i nā hopena maikaʻi i nā noi kahua, e hōʻike ana i nā manaʻo noi maikaʻi a me ka paipai ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā surfactants no nā wai drilling. I kēia manawa, ua ulu ka ʻĀpana lapaʻau lāʻau hoʻoheheʻe Kina i 18 mau ʻāpana, he mau kaukani mau ʻano, me ka ʻai o ka makahiki he 300,000 mau tona.

 

I nā makahiki 1980, ua hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻia nā admixtures aila maikaʻi i nā makahiki 1980, a ua hoʻokumu mālie ʻia kahi moʻo o nā huahana. I ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā huahana hou, ʻo nā mea synthetic polymer nā mea noiʻi i makemake nui ʻia; i ka makahiki 1993, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā ciment aila a pau ma Kina i mau moʻo i kū i nā kūlana API. Ua hoʻomohala wikiwiki nā huahana a me nā admixtures. Ua hoʻomohala pono ka ʻoihana i kahi aila kūikawā pono pono siment dispersant SAF (sulfonated acetone formaldehyde polycondensate), kahi e pili pono ana i ka sima ʻana i ka maikaʻi a me ka pale ʻana i ka pale pumping. Coagulants, retarders and adhesive reinforcing agents ua hōʻike maikaʻi ʻia ka ikaika o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi aila kūikawā pono aila maikaʻi. I kēia manawa, ua ulu aʻe ma mua o 200 mau ʻano o 11 waeʻano, me kahi ana o ka makahiki he mau kaukani tona.

 

Surfactant no ka hoʻōla o ka aila

Aia kekahi mau ʻano a me nā nui o nā surfactants no ka hoʻōla o ka aila ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā surfactants no ke kalai ʻana, no ka acidification a me nā huahana haki. Ma waena o nā surfactants no ka haki ʻana, ua ʻimi ʻia nā ʻohana gelling e hoʻololi i nā gums a me cellulose maoli, a me nā polym synthetic like polyacrylamide.

I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ua lohi ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻāina ʻē i ke kahua o nā surfactants acidified. ʻO ke kia o ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana ma ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hoʻowahawaha ka popo no ka acidification. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ia e ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā mea e kū nei e hoʻololi ai a i ʻole nā ​​mea ʻohi kūpikipiki hoʻohui. ʻO nā mea maka a me nā huahana he mea ʻawaʻawa ʻole a haʻahaʻa-ʻawaʻawa hoʻi, a he ʻaila / hoʻoheheʻe wai a i ʻole dispersibility wai ka huahana.

ʻAmine, amonium quaternary a he nui ka nui o nā kahe kūpikipiki i nā wai ʻākeka acetylenic, a ua hoʻomohala iki ʻia nā mea kūpikipiki aldehyde ma muli o kā lākou ʻona. ʻO nā mea hoʻowahāwahā he mea paʻakikī hoʻi o ka waikawa dodecylbenzenesulfonic a me nā amine molake liʻiliʻi (ethylamine, propylamine, C8-18 amine mua, oleic acid diethanolamide), a me nā emulsifiers he emulsifiers aila-i-aila.

ʻO ka mea nui, i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻaʻole i lawa ka noiʻi ʻana ma nā ʻenekini hana no ka haki ʻana i nā wai acidified i Kina, a ua holomua iki ka holomua. I ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea hoʻowahāwahā corrosion no ka haki ʻana i nā wai acidification i ka wā o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, he nui nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui he amine (poʻokela amine, kekona amine, kula kiʻekiʻe ʻĀmine, amide quaternary a i ʻole kā lākou mau mea hoʻohui), ʻo imidazoline a me nā mea i loaʻa mai kekahi papa o nā mea hoʻowahawaha hoʻowali kino e hoʻohana ʻia i nā nui aku.

 

Surfactants no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka aila a me ka ʻaila

Hoʻomaka ka noiʻi, hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā surfactants no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka aila a me ke kinoea a me ka halihali ʻana ma Kina i nā makahiki 1960, a aia he 14 mau ʻano a me nā huahana he haneli. I waena o lākou, ʻo ka demulsifier aila ʻaila ka mea nui loa, a ʻo ka noi makahiki e pili ana iā 20,000 tone. Ua hoʻomohala ʻo Kina i nā huahana demulsifier kūpono no nā ʻano aila like ʻole, ua hōʻea nā ʻano he nui i ka pae honua i nā makahiki 1990; ʻoiai e ninini i nā depressant point, nā mea hoʻomaikaʻi kahe, nā mea hoʻoliʻiliʻi viscosity a me nā mea anti-wax, a ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou No nā huahana paʻakikī, he ʻokoʻa nā koi a me nā pilikia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā huahana hou ma muli o nā koi ʻokoʻa no nā surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia no ke kaumaha. , hoʻomaikaʻi hou i ke kahe, hoʻoliʻiliʻi viscosity a me nā kumu hoʻohemo wax.

 

Surfactant no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai māla aila 

. ʻO ka mea mālama lāʻau wai ʻo Oilfield kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka lāʻau kemika oilfield i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka aila. ʻO ka mahele lāʻau o kēlā me kēia ʻoki lāʻau hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai ma luna o 60,000 mau tona, a nona ka heʻe surfactant ma kahi o 40%, ʻoiai he surfactants i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai aila he nui loa ka noi, akā he kakaikahi nā noiʻi e pili ana i nā surfactants no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wai ʻana ma Kina. ʻAʻole pau nā ʻano surfactants no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻo oilfield, a ʻo ka hapa nui o nā huahana i lawe ʻia mai ka ʻoihana wai lawelawe ʻoihana, akā ma muli o ka wai o ka oilfield. ʻO ka paʻakikī o nā huahana i hoʻolauna pololei ʻia mai ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka wai ʻenehana e pili maikaʻi ʻole ʻia, i kekahi manawa ʻaʻole maikaʻi, a ʻaʻohe mea pale wai surfactant i mālama ʻia i ka wai aila. ʻO ka noiʻi haole e pili ana i nā surfactants no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka wai e hana nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā flocculants, a he nui nā huahana i hoʻomohala ʻia, akā ʻaʻole nui nā lāʻau hoʻowai wai no nā māla aila a me nā kinoea.

 

Surfactant no ka loaʻa hou o ka aila tertiary

ʻO ka maikaʻi o nā huahana surfactant no ka hoʻihoʻi ʻia o ka ʻaila tertiary i nā ʻāina ʻē ka paʻa a nui ka pālākiō o ka hana. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi mau ʻano surfactants a me polymers no ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ka aila ma Kina, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokō i nā pono o ka hoʻāla ʻia o ka aila kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka hana makahiki o nā alkylbenzenes kaumaha no nā surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea hoʻoliʻiliʻi aila synthetic ma lalo o 20,000 tone, kahi paʻakikī e hoʻokō i nā pono, a ʻaʻole kūpono ke kaupaona mole a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kaupaona mole no nā surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea hoʻoliʻiliʻi aila synthetic.

ʻOiai ua nui nā hana i hana ʻia ma ka surfactant, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō i nā pono o ka wai kahe e kahe ana, a aia nā pilikia i ka pālaki hana a me ka maikaʻi o ka huahana. Ua hoʻokō mua ʻo Daqing, Shengli, Liaohe, Dagang a me nā wahi aila ʻē aʻe i ka wai kahe o polymer, ua kūkulu ʻo Daqing Oilfield i kahi mea kanu polyacrylamide me kahi puka makahiki o 57,000 mau tona, a ua kūkulu ʻo Shengli Oilfield i kahi mea kanu polyacrylamide me kahi puka makahiki i ʻoi aku ma mua o 20,000 tone.

ʻO kekahi mau ʻoihana hana ʻē aʻe i loaʻa kahi hana i ʻoi aku ma mua o 100,000 t / makahiki. ʻO ka noi makahiki i kēia manawa no ka polymer no ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ka aila he ʻumi tausani mau tona. Hiki i ka pālākiō ke hoʻokō pono i nā pono, akā ka maikaʻi o ka huahana (e like me ka nui o ka mole mole) Aia nō kahi hakahaka ma waena o ia a me ka solubility, ke kūpaʻa wela a me ka saturation paʻakai. Ma waena o nā ʻāpana ʻeleu e hana ana i nā māla aila, ʻo nā mea surfactants aila terstiary ka mea kemika hoʻohiki loa.