Abstract: Kūkākūkā i nā hana o nā surfactants, e like me ka wetting, dispersing, emulsifying, solubilizing, foaming, defoaming, holoi ʻana a me decontamination, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hoʻolauna nei i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā surfactants, a me ka hoʻolauna ʻana i nā hana i hoʻohana mau ʻia ma luna. A me ke kuleana o nā mea hoʻonani, nā mea holoi lāʻau, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā meaʻai. Hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano hoʻomohala o nā surfactants.

1. Hoʻokaʻina o nā surfactants

Nui nā ala e hoʻokaʻawale ai i nā surfactants, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me ke kumu o nā surfactants. Hoʻomahele pinepine ʻia nā mea heʻe nalu i nā mahele ʻekolu: surfactants synthetic, surfactants maoli a me surfactants biological.

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā Surfactants i ʻehā mau ʻāpana: anionic, cationic, zwitterionic a me nonionic e like me ke ʻano o nā iona i hana ʻia e ka hui hydrophilic. ʻO nā surfactants i hoʻohana mau ʻia, nona ka waihona hydrophobic kahi hui hydrocarbon, hiki pū kekahi me nā mea e like me oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, bromine, a me iodine i loko o ka mole, a ua kapa ʻia ʻo hydrocarbon surfactants a i ʻole surfactants maʻamau. ʻO nā mea heʻe nalu e loaʻa ana i ka florine, ka silikone, ka phosphore a me ke boron i kapa ʻia he surfactants kūikawā. ʻO ka hoʻolauna ʻana o fluorine, silikone, phosphorus, boron a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hāʻawi i nā surfactants i kahi kū hoʻokahi a me ka hana maikaʻi loa. ʻO nā surfactants i loko o Fluorine kekahi o nā ʻano nui o nā surfactants kūikawā.

2. Ke kuleana nui o nā surfactants

(1) Emulsification: Ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka aila i loko o ka wai, ke kulu ʻia ka aila i loko o ka wai, e hoʻāla ikaika, haki ʻia ka aila i nā ʻāpana maikaʻi a kāwili ʻia i loko o kahi emuliona, akā kū ka mea hoʻāhu a hoʻi hou papa. Inā hoʻohui ʻoe i kahi heʻe nalu a hoʻoikaika ikaika, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana no kahi manawa lōʻihi ma hope o ke kū ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi ka emulsification. ʻO ke kumu o ka hydrophobicity o ka aila e hoʻopuni ʻia e ka hui hydrophilic o ka agena hana, e hana ana i kahi mea e kuhikuhi ai, e hōʻemi ana i ka hana e pono ai no ka hoʻopuehu aila i ka wai, a hana maikaʻi ʻia ka aila. I

(2) hopena pulu: Aia pinepine ka papa o ka wax, ka aila a i ʻole nā ​​mea scaly i hoʻopili ʻia i ka ʻili o ka ʻāpana, ʻo ia ka hydrophobic. Ma muli o ka hoʻohaumia o kēia mau mea, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka pae o nā ʻāpana e pulu i ka wai. Ke hoʻohui ʻia nā surfactants i ka wai aqueous solution, hoʻopuehu liʻiliʻi ʻia nā droplets wai ma nā ʻāpana, kahi e hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui ai i ka ʻilikai o nā ʻāpana a loaʻa ke kumu o ka pulu. I

(3) Solubilization: hiki i nā mea ʻaila ke "hoʻoheheʻe ʻia" ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā surfactants, akā hiki ke hana ʻia kēia hoʻoheheʻe ʻana ke hiki i ka paʻa o ka surfactant i ka noʻonoʻo koʻikoʻi o ka colloid. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka solubility ma ka mea solubilization a pili ia i ke ʻano. I ka ʻōlelo solubilization, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ke kaulahao hydrophobic gene hydrocarbon ma mua o ke kaulahao hydrocarbon pōkole, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke kaulahao hydrocarbon saturated ma mua o ke kaulahao hydrocarbon unsaturated, a ʻo ka hopena solubilization o nonionic surfactants ʻoi aku ka nui. I

(4) Ka hopena hoʻopuehu: ʻo nā mea paʻa paʻa e like me ka lepo a me nā huna lepo e maʻalahi e hōʻuluʻulu pū, a maʻalahi lākou e noho i ka wai. Hiki i nā mole o ka surfactants ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka huna paʻa i nā ʻāpana maikaʻi, i hoʻopuehu ʻia a kau ʻia i ka hopena. E pāʻani i ke kuleana i ka paepae ʻana i ka pālua like o nā huna paʻa. (5) Ka hopena hua: ʻo ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka huehu ka nui o ka adsorption kuhikuhi o ka agena hana, i kumu ʻia e ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka ʻilikai ma waena o nā pae kinoea a me nā wai. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, maʻalahi nā ʻāpana molekoki haʻahaʻa-paona i puhū, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka pahū o nā ʻāpana molekoki-kaumaha, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā waiwai e hoʻomoe ʻia ana ʻo myristic acid melemele, a ʻo ka sodium stearate nā hua hua hua ʻinoʻino loa. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea hana huila Anionic a me ke kūpaʻa o ka hua ma mua o nā mea ʻole ionic. ʻO kahi laʻana, loaʻa i ka sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate ka ikaika i nā hua hua. ʻO nā mea hoʻopaʻa i hoʻohana mau ʻia me nā amides alkohol momona, carboxymethyl cellulose, a pēlā aku.

3 Ke noi a Surfactant

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka noi o nā surfactants i nā noi kīwila a me nā ʻoihana. Wahi a ka ʻikepili, hoʻohana ʻia nā hapakolu ʻelua o nā surfactants kīwila i nā huahana pale pilikino; ʻo nā mea holoi synthetic kekahi o nā mākeke kūʻai nui loa no nā mea heʻe nalu. Hoʻopili nā huahana i ka holoi holoi, nā mea holoi wai, nā mea holoi holoi ipu a me nā huahana like ʻole o ka home. Hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā huahana a me nā huahana pale pilikino e like me: shampoo, conditioner, cream cream, hair gel, lotion, toner, hoʻomaʻemaʻe maka, a pēlā aku. ʻO nā surfactants ʻoihana ka huina o nā surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻano ʻoihana ʻē aʻe ma mua o nā surfactants kīwila. ʻO kāna māla noi e komo pū me nā ʻoihana lole, ʻoihana metala, pena, pena, ʻoihana pigment, ʻoihana resin ea, ʻoihana meaʻai, ʻoihana pepa, ʻoihana ʻili, ʻimi ʻenekini, nā ʻoihana kūkulu hale, ʻoihana hoʻouku, ʻoihana ikehu, a pēlā aku. .

3.1.1 Heʻe nalu i nā mea hoʻonani

Hoʻohana ākea nā surfactants i nā mea hoʻonani like ʻole e like me emulsifiers, penetrants, detergents, softeners, wetting agents, bactericides, dispersants, solubilizers, antistatic agents, hair dyes, etc. hoʻohana mau ʻia nā surfactants non-ionic i nā cosmetics no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻonāukiuki a maʻalahi maʻalahi me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo lākou nā esters momona momona a me nā polyethers.

3.1.2 Nā koina o nā mea hoʻonani no nā surfactants

ʻOkoʻa a paʻakikī hoʻi ka hanana o nā formulate cosmetic. Ma waho aʻe o ka aila a me ka wai mea waiwai, aia kekahi mau surfactants hana, nā mea mālama, nā mea ʻono a me nā pigment, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, i pili i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻopuehu multi-phase. Me nā mea hoʻonaninani hou aku a me nā koina hana, ke piʻi nei hoʻi ka ʻano o nā surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea hoʻonani. ʻAʻole pono nā surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea hoʻonaninani i ka huhū o ka ʻili, ʻaʻohe hopena ʻino, a hoʻokō pū i nā koina o ke kala ʻole, ʻaʻohe ʻala maikaʻi ʻole a me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe.

3.2 Ke hoʻohana ʻana i nā surfactants i nā mea holoi

He hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe kūpono nā Surfactants a me nā hana disinfection, a ua lilo lōʻihi i ʻāpana nui o nā huahana hoʻomaʻemaʻe. ʻO Surfactant ka mea nui o ka detergent. Hoʻopili ia me ka lepo a ma waena o ka lepo a me ka papa paʻa (e like me ka pulu ʻana, komo i loko, emulsifying, solubilizing, dispersing, foaming, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) a me ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i ka hoʻonāukiuki Mīkini i loaʻa ka hopena holoi. ʻO ka mea hoʻohana ākea a hoʻohana nui ʻia he anionic a me nonionic surfactants. Hoʻohana wale ʻia nā Cactic a me nā amphoteric surfactants i ka hana ʻana i kekahi ʻano kūikawā a me nā hana o nā mea holoi. ʻO nā ʻano nui ʻo LAS (e kuhikuhi ana i ka alkyl benzene sulfonate), AES (waiʻona waiʻona polyoxyethylene ether sulfate), MES (α-sulfonic acid fatty acid salt), AOS (α-alkenyl sulfonate), Alkyl polyoxyethylene ether, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, fatty acid acid diethanolamine, ʻano amino acid, ʻano betaine, etc.

3.3 Ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā surfactants i ka ʻoihana meaʻai

3.3.1 Nā emulsifiers meaʻai a me nā mānoanoa ʻO ke kuleana nui o nā surfactants i ka ʻoihana meaʻai e hana ma ke ʻano he emulsifiers a me nā mānoanoa. ʻO nā phospolipids nā emulsifiers i hoʻohana mau ʻia. Ma waho aʻe o nā phospholipids, nā emulsifiers i hoʻohana mau ʻia he glycerides acid momona S, ʻo ka hapanui monoglyceride T, ʻo nā esters momona momona acid, nā esters sorbitan acid fatty acid, nā faters acid propylene glycol esters, soybean phospholipids, gum arabic, alginic acid, sodium caseinate, Gelatin a me egg yolk. a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Māhele ʻia nā Thickeners i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: kūlohelohe a synthesized kemika. ʻO nā mānoanoa kūlohelohe ka starch, gum arabic, guar gum, carrageenan, pectin, agar, a me alginic acid i hana ʻia mai nā mea kanu a me nā limu. Aia kekahi gelatin, casein a me ka sodium caseinate i hana ʻia mai nā holoholona i loaʻa i ka protein a me nā mea kanu. A ʻo ka xanthan gum i hana ʻia mai nā microorganisms. ʻO nā mānoanoa synthetic hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka sodium carboxymethyl cellulose: @ :, propylene glycol alginate, cellulose glycolic acid a me sodium polyacrylate, sodium starch glycolate, sodium starch phosphate, methyl cellulose a me polyacrylic acid Sodium etc.

3.3.2 Nā mālama mālama mea hānai Rhamnose esters i kekahi mau pono antibacterial, antiviral a me anti-mycoplasma. Loaʻa ka hopena ʻoi loa o nā esters Sucrose i nā microorganism, ʻoi aku ka bacteria-Gram-positive bacteria i hoʻoulu ʻia.

3.3.3 Nā mea hoʻopuehu meaʻai, nā ʻāpana huhū, a pēlā aku. Hoʻohui ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana e like me nā emulsifiers a me nā mānoanoa i ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactants i mea hoʻoheheʻe, nā ʻūlū mākū, nā ʻāpana huelo, nā defoamers, nā mea kāohi crystallization, Sterilize a hoʻolōʻihi i ka wā mālama meaʻai . ʻO kahi laʻana, hoʻohui ʻana i ka 0.2-0.3% soy phospholipids ke granulate i ka pauka waiū holoʻokoʻa hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i kona hydrophilicity a me ka dispersibility, a hiki ke hoʻopau koke ʻia me ka ʻole o ka aglomeration i ka wā hoʻomākaukau. Ke hana nei i nā pōpō a me ka ʻaikalima, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka waikawa momona glycerol a me ka momona sukrosa hiki ke loaʻa ka hua ʻana i ka hua, kahi mea kūpono i ka hana ʻana o kahi nui o nā huʻa. I ka hana ʻana o ka waiū kulu a me nā huahana soy, hoʻohui i ka glycerol fatty acid i kahi hopena defoaming.

3.3.4 Noi i ka unuhi a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā pigment, nā mea ʻala, nā mea hana biologically a me nā huahana fermented

I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻohana ākea ʻia nā surfactants i ka unuhi ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā mea kūlohelohe i ka meaʻai e like me nā pigment, nā mea ʻono, nā mea hana biologically a me nā huahana hū.

3.4 Noi o surfactants i ke kahua o ka lāʻau

He hana nā Surfactants o ka pulu ʻana, emulsifying, solubilizing, a pēlā aku. No laila hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou e like me nā mea lawe lāʻau lapaʻau, keu hoʻi i ka ʻenehana microemulsion lāʻau lapaʻau i hoʻomohala ʻia i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. I ka synthes lāʻau, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā heʻe surfactants ma ke ʻano he catalysts hoʻoili pae, kahi hiki ke hoʻololi i ke kēkelē o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā ion, a laila hoʻonui i ka reactivity o nā ion, e hoʻomau i ka hopena i kahi ʻōnaehana heterogeneous, a hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka hopena o ka hopena. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā Surfactants ma ke ʻano he solubilizers a sensitizers i ke kālailai ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka spectroscopy fluorescence lāʻau. I ka ʻōlelo no ka disinfection o ka ʻili, ka ʻeha a me ka membrane mucous disinfection, ka mea hana disinfection a me ke kaiapuni disinfection ma mua o ka ʻoki ʻana i ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau, hiki i nā surfactants ke hui pū me nā protein biofilm bacteria e hoʻoliʻiliʻi a lilo paha i kā lākou hana, a hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā bactericides a me nā disinfectants e hoʻohana nui ʻia.

4. ʻO ke ʻano hoʻomohala o nā surfactants

E hōʻike ʻia ke alakaʻi hoʻomohala o nā surfactants i nā ʻano aʻe:

4.1 Hoʻi i ke kūlohelohe;

4.2 Hoʻololi i nā kemika weliweli;

4.3 E holoi a hoʻohana i ke ana wela o ka lumi;

4.4 Hoʻohana i ka wai paʻakikī me ka ʻole o nā mea hoʻohui;

4.5 Ka palekana o ke kaiapuni e hiki ke mālama pono i ka wai neoneo, ka wai neoneo, ka lepo, a pēlā aku.

4.6 Nā mea heʻe nalu i hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā minelala, nā wahie, a me ka hana ʻana;

4.7 Nā surfactants multifunctional;

4.8 Hoʻomākaukau nā mea heʻe nalu mai nā ʻōpala ʻoihana a me nā kūlanakauhale i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka bioengineering;

4.9 hoʻohana hou i ka surfactant ka hoʻokō ʻana me ka hopena synergistic i hana ʻia e ka ʻenehana formulate.